Exploring the Impact of Socio-Demographic Dimensions in Choosing a City Touristic Destination
Keywords:
urban tourism, pull factors, city attractiveness, socio-demographic, Porto
Abstract
This study aims to identify and categorize the pull factors that determine the choice of the city of Porto as a European tourist destination. Furthermore, it intends to explore the role and relevance of socio-demographic variables in these pull factors. This study employs a quantitative approach using questionnaires carried out with tourists on the margins of the Douro River in the city of Porto. A descriptive and correlational analysis of pull factors is performed to understand the importance of them, and a one-way ANOVA is employed to explore the relevance of socio-demographic variables. The findings indicate that the main pull factor that motivates tourists to visit the city of Porto is the hedonic consumption dimension. Furthermore, the most relevant socio-demographic variables in the tourists' behavior are the country of origin, age, gender, and income. This work is particularly relevant for tourism operators by allowing them to formulate and develop a more effective value proposition to the target audience.
References
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Getz, D. (2008), “Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, pp. 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017
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Gozalova, M., Shchikanov, A., Vernigor, A. and Bagdasarian, V. (2014), “Sports Tourism”, Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 92-96. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2014-0009
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Hanlan, J., Fuller, D. and Wilde, S. J. (2006), “Segmenting tourism markets: a critical review”, in Tremblay, P. and Boyle A. (eds), Proceedings of To the city and beyond: Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE) Conference, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 220-232.
Hernández-Mogollón, J. M., Folgado-Fernández, J. A. and Duarte, P. A. (2014), “Event Tourism Analysis and State of the Art”, European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 83-102.
Ibanescu, B. C., Stoleriu, O. M. and Gheorghiu, A. (2018), “Gender differences in tourism behavior in the European Union”, Eastern Journal of European Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 23-43.
Ivanov, S. H. and Webster, C. (2013), “Tourism's Contribution to Economic Growth: A Global Analysis for the First Decade of the Millennium”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 477-508. https://doi.org/10.5367%2Fte.2013.0211
Jönsson, C. and Devonish, D. (2008), “Does Nationality, Gender or Age Affect Travel Motivation? A Case of Visitors to the Caribbean Island of Barbados”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802508499
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Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., Marques, C. P. and Loureiro, S. (2018), “The dimensions of rural tourism experience: impacts on arousal, memory, and satisfaction”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1350617
Kiryluk, H. and Glinska, E. (2015), “Creation and evaluation of the tourist image of a country – the example of Poland”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 213, pp. 671-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.473
Klenosky, D. B. (2002), “The “Pull” of Tourism Destinations: A Means-End Investigation”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 396-403.
Lorant, D. (2009), “Events and tourism: An environment approach and impact assessment”, Journal of Tourism Challenges & Trends, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 101-113.
Mahika, E. C. (2011), “Current trends in tourist motivation”, Cactus Tourism Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 15-24.
McDonald, M. (2012), Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from It, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
Nella, A. and Christou, E. (2016), “Extending tourism marketing: Implications for targeting the senior tourists’ segment”, Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 36-42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.376336
Nikoli, G. and Lazakidou, Α. (2019), “The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Tourism Sector”, Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, Vol. 10, No. 19, pp. 45-68. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/8553
Nokjoo, A. H. and Ketabi, M. (2015), “The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose their destination”, Anatolia, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 588-597.
Pickering, R. M. (2017), “Describing the participants in a study”, Age and Ageing, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 576-581. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afx054
QS Asia News Network (2018), “‘Overtourism’? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions”, available at https://qswownews.com/overtourism-managing-urban-tourism-growth/ (accessed 27 February 2020).
Queirós, A., Faria, D. and Almeida, F. (2017), “Strengths and Limitation of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Methods”, European Journal of Education Studies, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 369-387. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.887089
Riza, M., Doratli, N. and Fasli, M. (2012), “City Branding and Identity”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 35, pp. 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.091
Salkind, N. J. (2010), Encyclopedia of research design, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
Song, H., Dwyer, L., Li, G. and Cao, Z. (2012), “Tourism Economics Research: A Review and Assessment”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 1653-1682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.05.023
Sormaz, U., Akmese, H., Gunes, E. and Aras, S. (2016), “Gastronomy in Tourism”, Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 39, pp. 725-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30286-6
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Álvarez-Díaz, M., González-Gómez, M. and Otero-Giráldez, M. S. (2019), “Low cost airlines and international tourism demand. The case of Porto's airport in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula”, Journal of Air Transport Management, Vol. 79, e101689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.101689
Andersson, G. and Abbasian, S. (2018), “Analysis Dimensions of City Destination Character and Image Positioning”, Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, Vol. 9, No. 17, pp. 33-54. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/8134
Andreu, L., Kozak, M., Avci, N. and Cifter, N. (2005), “Market Segmentation by Motivations to Travel”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v19n01_01
Araújo, M. (2014), “Valor Patrimonial da Gastronomia Portuguesa”, MSc. dissertation, Universidade Lusófona do Porto.
Ashworth, G. and Page, S. J. (2011), “Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes”, Tourism Management, Vol. 32, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.02.002
Balderas-Cejudo, A., Rivera-Hernaez, O. and Patterson, I. (2016), “The Strategic Impact of Country of Origin on Senior Tourism Demand: the Need to Balance Global and Local Strategies”, Journal of Population Ageing, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 345-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-016-9146-2
Batat, W. (2019), Food and Experiential Marketing, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Birdir, S. (2015), “Segmentation of Tourist Using Demographic and Travel Characteristics: The Case of Istanbul”, International Review of Management and Marketing, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 221-229.
Bock, K. (2015), “The changing nature of city tourism and its possible implications for the future of cities”, European Journal of Futures Research, Vol. 3, No. 20, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-015-0078-5
Bowtell, J. (2015), “Assessing the value and market attractiveness of the accessible tourism industry in Europe: a focus on major travel and leisure companies”, Journal of Tourism Futures, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-03-2015-0012
Bozic, S., Kennell, J., Vujicic, M. and Jovanovic, T. (2017), “Urban tourist motivations: why visit Ljubljana?”, International Journal of Tourism Cities, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 382-398. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-03-2017-0012
Cai, W., Richter, S. and Mckenna, B. (2019), “Progress on technology use in tourism”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, In Press. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-07-2018-0068
Cibinskiene, A. and Snieskiene, G. (2015), “Evaluation of City Tourism Competitiveness”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 213, pp. 105-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.411
Coelho, M., Gosling, M. and Almeida, A. (2018), “Tourism experiences: Core processes of memorable trips”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Vol. 37, pp. 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2018.08.004
Cornelisse, M. (2018), “Understanding memorable tourism experiences: A case study”, Research in Hospitality Management, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 93-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/22243534.2018.1553370
Crompton, J. and Cole, S. (2001), “An Analysis of 13 Tourism Surveys: Are Three Waves of Data Collection Necessary?”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004728750103900402
Culture Trip (2019), “Culture Trip Wishlist: The 12 Cities To Visit in 2019, Ranked”, available at: https://theculturetrip.com/europe/articles/culture-trip-wishlist-destinations-2019/ (accessed 12 February 2020).
Dolnicar, S. (2002), “A Review of Data-Driven Market Segmentation in Tourism”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J073v12n01_01
ECM (2017), “Successful Recovery in European City Tourism in 2017: +7.7%”, available at: https://www.europeancitiesmarketing.com/successful-recovery-european-city-tourism-2017-7-7/ (accessed 15 February 2020).
Fernandes, C., Pimenta, E., Gonçalves, F. and Rachão, S. (2012), “A new research approach for religious tourism: the case study of the Portuguese route to Santiago”, International Journal of Tourism Policy, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 83-94. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJTP.2012.048996
Getz, D. (2008), “Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research”, Tourism Management, Vol. 29, pp. 403-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017
Getz, D. and Page, S. J. (2016), “Progress and prospects for event tourism research”, Tourism Management, Vol. 52, pp. 593-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.03.007
Gholitabar, S., Alipour, H. and Costa, C. (2018), “An Empirical Investigation of Architectural Heritage Management Implications for Tourism: The Case of Portugal”, Sustainability, Vol. 10, pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010093
Goryushkina, N. E., Gaifutdinova, T. V., Logvina, E. V., Redkin, A. G., Kudryavtsev, V. V. and Shol, Y. N. (2019), “Basic Principles of Tourist Services Market Segmentation”, International Journal of Economics & Business Administration (IJEBA), Vol. VII, No. 2, pp. 139-150.
Gowreesunkar, V. and Sotiriadis, M. (2015), “Entertainment of leisure tourists in island destinations: evidence from the island of Mauritius”, African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, Vol. 4, pp. 1-19.
Gozalova, M., Shchikanov, A., Vernigor, A. and Bagdasarian, V. (2014), “Sports Tourism”, Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 92-96. https://doi.org/10.2478/pjst-2014-0009
Graham, R., Hodgetts, D. and Stolte, O. (2016), “Dual-heritage households: Food, culture, and re-membering in Hamilton, New Zealand”, International Review of Social Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1515/irsr-2016-0002
Hanlan, J., Fuller, D. and Wilde, S. J. (2006), “Segmenting tourism markets: a critical review”, in Tremblay, P. and Boyle A. (eds), Proceedings of To the city and beyond: Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education (CAUTHE) Conference, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 220-232.
Hernández-Mogollón, J. M., Folgado-Fernández, J. A. and Duarte, P. A. (2014), “Event Tourism Analysis and State of the Art”, European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 83-102.
Ibanescu, B. C., Stoleriu, O. M. and Gheorghiu, A. (2018), “Gender differences in tourism behavior in the European Union”, Eastern Journal of European Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 23-43.
Ivanov, S. H. and Webster, C. (2013), “Tourism's Contribution to Economic Growth: A Global Analysis for the First Decade of the Millennium”, Tourism Economics, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 477-508. https://doi.org/10.5367%2Fte.2013.0211
Jönsson, C. and Devonish, D. (2008), “Does Nationality, Gender or Age Affect Travel Motivation? A Case of Visitors to the Caribbean Island of Barbados”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 398-408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802508499
Judd, C. M., McClelland, G. H. and Ryan, C. S. (2017), Data Analysis, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Kastenholz, E., Carneiro, M. J., Marques, C. P. and Loureiro, S. (2018), “The dimensions of rural tourism experience: impacts on arousal, memory, and satisfaction”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1350617
Kiryluk, H. and Glinska, E. (2015), “Creation and evaluation of the tourist image of a country – the example of Poland”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 213, pp. 671-676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.473
Klenosky, D. B. (2002), “The “Pull” of Tourism Destinations: A Means-End Investigation”, Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 396-403.
Lorant, D. (2009), “Events and tourism: An environment approach and impact assessment”, Journal of Tourism Challenges & Trends, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 101-113.
Mahika, E. C. (2011), “Current trends in tourist motivation”, Cactus Tourism Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 15-24.
McDonald, M. (2012), Market Segmentation: How to Do It and How to Profit from It, Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey.
Nella, A. and Christou, E. (2016), “Extending tourism marketing: Implications for targeting the senior tourists’ segment”, Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 36-42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.376336
Nikoli, G. and Lazakidou, Α. (2019), “The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on the Tourism Sector”, Almatourism - Journal of Tourism, Culture and Territorial Development, Vol. 10, No. 19, pp. 45-68. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2036-5195/8553
Nokjoo, A. H. and Ketabi, M. (2015), “The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose their destination”, Anatolia, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 588-597.
Pickering, R. M. (2017), “Describing the participants in a study”, Age and Ageing, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 576-581. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afx054
QS Asia News Network (2018), “‘Overtourism’? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions”, available at https://qswownews.com/overtourism-managing-urban-tourism-growth/ (accessed 27 February 2020).
Queirós, A., Faria, D. and Almeida, F. (2017), “Strengths and Limitation of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Methods”, European Journal of Education Studies, Vol. 3, No. 9, pp. 369-387. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.887089
Riza, M., Doratli, N. and Fasli, M. (2012), “City Branding and Identity”, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 35, pp. 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.091
Salkind, N. J. (2010), Encyclopedia of research design, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
Song, H., Dwyer, L., Li, G. and Cao, Z. (2012), “Tourism Economics Research: A Review and Assessment”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 1653-1682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.05.023
Sormaz, U., Akmese, H., Gunes, E. and Aras, S. (2016), “Gastronomy in Tourism”, Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 39, pp. 725-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30286-6
Stylos, N. (2019), “Technological evolution and tourist decision-making: a perspective article”, Tourism Review, Vol. 75, No. 1, pp. 273-278. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2019-0167
UNWTO (2018), “Urban Tourism”, available at: http://marketintelligence.unwto.org/content/urban-tourism (accessed 15 February 2020).
Vik, P. W. (2013), Regression, ANOVA, and the General Linear Model: A Statistics Primer, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California.
XingYang, L., Wei, Q. and XiangYan, L. (2016), “The effects of tourist heterogeneity on destination performance”, Tourism Tribune, Vol. 31, No. 9, pp. 72-79.
Published
2020-10-01
How to Cite
Almeida, F. (2020, October 1). Exploring the Impact of Socio-Demographic Dimensions in Choosing a City Touristic Destination. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Research, 3(4), 120-142. Retrieved from https://jthr.es/index.php/journal/article/view/219
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