Marketing, internationalization and heritage tourism: systematic literature review
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to describe the marketing variables used in the literature to assess the internationalization of touristic destinations with a value proposition involving Cultural Heritage. ASystematic Literature Review was methodologicalstrategy, with an observation window encompassing 2005-2017, and using Scopus and Web of Science. The most relevant variables are Marketing Management, Consumer Behavior, Integrated Marketing Communications, Demand Forecasts and Destination’s Marketing and Branding. Findings account for the main aspects to be managed by operators, government andstakeholders for the internationalization of heritage tourism.
References
experience of Ghanaian cuisines’, Tourism Management Perspectives. Department of Hospitality and
Tourism Management, University of Cape Coast, Ghana, 15, pp. 57–64. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.03.009.
Ahmat, N. B., Omar, S. R. and Mustaffa, F. (2016) ‘The importance of heritage conservation management for the sustainability of Melaka Tourism industry’, Social Sciences (Pakistan). Center of
Languages and Human Development, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian
Tunggal, Malacca, Malaysia, 11(11), pp. 2720–2725.
Akroush, M. N., Al-Mohammad, S. M. and Odetallah, A. L. (2015) ‘A multidimensional model of
marketing culture and performance: A different approach to the use of Webster’s marketing culture
measurement scale’, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(7), pp. 1442–
1478. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-02-2014-0088.
Alexander, M. and Hamilton, K. (2016) ‘Recapturing place identification through community heritage
marketing’, European Journal of Marketing. Emerald, 50(7/8), pp. 1118–1136. doi: 10.1108/EJM-05-
2013-0235.
Angeloni, S. (2013) ‘Cultural tourism and well-being of the local population in Italy’, Theoretical and
Empirical Researches in Urban Management. University of Molise, Via De Sanctis, Campobasso, Italy,
8(3), pp. 17–31.
Apostolakis, A. (2003) ‘The convergence process in heritage tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research.
Elsevier Ltd, 30, pp. 795–812.
Apostolakis, A., Jaffry, S., Sizeland, F. and Cox, A. (2015) ‘The role of uniqueness in destination
branding: the case of historical Portsmouth harbor’, EuroMed Journal of Business. Emerald, 10(2), pp.
198–213. doi: 10.1108/EMJB-10-2014-0036.
Arellano, A. (2011) ‘A history of Quebec-branded: The staging of the new france festival’, Event
Management. School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 15(1), pp. 1–12. doi:
10.3727/152599510X12901814777907.
Ashwell, J. (2015) ‘Going bush? Factors which influence international tourists’ decisions to travel to
remote Australian destinations’, Tourism Management. Flinders Business School, Flinders University,
GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, 5001 South Australia, Australia, 46, pp. 80–83. doi:
10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.008.
Babolian Hendijani, R. (2016) ‘Effect of food experience on tourist satisfaction: the case of Indonesia’,
International Journal of Culture, Tourism, and Hospitality Research. Binus Business School, Binus
International University, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10(3), pp. 272–282. doi: 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2015-0030.
Báez, A. and Devesa, M. (2014) ‘Segmenting and profiling attendees of a film festival’, International
Journal of Event and Festival Management. Instituto de Estadística, Universidad Austral de Chile,
Valdiva, Chile, 5(2), pp. 96–115. doi: 10.1108/IJEFM-08-2013-0021.
Baloglu, S. and McCleary, K. W. (1999) ‘A model of destination image formation’, Annals of Tourism
Research. Elsevier Ltd, 26, pp. 868–897.
Bhuiyan, M. A. H., Siwar, C., Ismail, S. M. and Islam, R. (2011) ‘Potentials of Islamic tourism: A case
study of Malaysia on East Coast Economic Region’, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.
Institute for Environment and Development, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi,
Darul Ehsan, Selangor, Malaysia, 5(6), pp. 1333–1340.
Brebbia, C. A., Doganer, S., Dupont, W., Doganer, S. and Dupont, W. (2015) ‘Accelerating culturalheritage tourism in San Antonio: A community-based tourism development proposal for the missions
historic district’, International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. University of Texas
at San Antonio, College of Architecture, San Antonio, TX, United States, 10(1), pp. 1–19. doi:
10.2495/SDP-V10-N1-1-19.
Brown, K. G. (2009) ‘Island tourism marketing: Music and culture’, International Journal of Culture,
Tourism and Hospitality Research. Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia, United States, 3(1), pp. 25–32.
doi: 10.1108/17506180910940324.
Brown, K., Pyke, J., Johnson, D. and Doucette, M. B. (2015) ‘Aboriginal cultural tourism marketing “an
issue of governance”’, Canadian Journal of Native Studies. Dept. of Organizational Management, Cape
Breton University, Canada, 35(2), pp. 23–41.
Brown, S., Baldwin, C. and Chandler, L. (2015) ‘Representation of Butchulla cultural heritage values in
communication of K’gari (Fraser Island) as a tourism destination’, Australasian Journal of
Environmental Management. Regional and Urban Planning, University of the Sunshine Coast,
Maroochydore, Australia, 22(2), pp. 163–180. doi: 10.1080/14486563.2014.985266.
Bryce, D., Curran, R., O’Gorman, K. and Taheri, B. (2015) ‘Visitors’ engagement and authenticity:
Japanese heritage consumption’, Tourism Management. Elsevier Ltd, 46, pp. 571–581. Available at:
http://10.0.3.248/j.tourman.2014.08.012.
Bryce, D., Murdy, S. and Alexander, M. (2017) ‘Diaspora, authenticity and the imagined past’, Annals
of Tourism Research. Elsevier Ltd, 66, pp. 49–60. Available at: http://10.0.3.248/j.annals.2017.05.010.
Buonincontri, P., Marasco, A. and Ramkissoon, H. (2017) ‘Visitors’ Experience, Place Attachment and
Sustainable Behaviour at Cultural Heritage Sites: A Conceptual Framework’, Sustainability, Vol 9, Iss
7, p 1112 (2017) VO - 9. MDPI AG, (7), p. 1112. doi: 10.3390/su9071112.
Carlsen, J. and Boksberger, P. (2015) ‘Enhancing Consumer Value in Wine Tourism’, Journal of
Hospitality and Tourism Research. Curtin Sustainable Tourism Centre, Australia, 39(1), pp. 132–144.
doi: 10.1177/1096348012471379.
Cassel, S. H. and Pashkevich, A. (2014) ‘World Heritage and Tourism Innovation: Institutional
Frameworks and Local Adaptation’, European Planning Studies. Routledge, 22(8), pp. 1625–1640. doi:
10.1080/09654313.2013.784605.
Caust, J. and Vecco, M. (2017) ‘Is UNESCO World Heritage recognition a blessing or burden? Evidence
from developing Asian countries’, Journal of Cultural Heritage. Elsevier B.V., 27, p. 1. doi:
10.1016/j.culher.2017.02.004.
Chang, S.-Y. (2011) ‘The Influence of Novelty-Seeking and Risk-Perception Behavior on Holiday
Decisions and Food Preferences’, International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration.
Graduate Institute of Recreation, Tourism, and Hospitality Management, National Chiayi University,
Chiayi, Taiwan, 12(4), pp. 305–329. doi: 10.1080/15256480.2011.614553.
Chang, W.-J. and Katrichis, J. M. (2016) ‘A literature review of tourism management (1990-2013): a
content analysis perspective’, Current Issues in Tourism, pp. 791–823.
Chen, L.-J. and Chen, W.-P. (2015) ‘Push-pull factors in international birders’ travel’, TourismManagement. Department of Tourism Recreation and Leisure Studies, National Dong Hwa University,
Management Building A316 No.1 Sec.2, Da Hsueh Rd. Soufeng, Hualien, Taiwan, 48, pp. 416–425. doi:
10.1016/j.tourman.2014.12.011.
Chhabra, D. (2009) ‘Proposing a sustainable marketing framework for heritage tourism’, Journal of
Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), pp. 303–320.
Chhabra, D., Healy, R. and Sills, E. (2003) ‘Staged authenticity and heritage tourism’, Annals of Tourism
Research, 30(3), pp. 702–719. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(03)00044-6.
Chicaíza-Becerra, L., Riaño-Casallas, M. I., Rojas-Berrio, S. P. and Garzón-Santos, C. (2017) Revisión
Sistemática de la Literatura en Administración. 29. Bogotá D.C., Colombia. doi:
10.13140/RG.2.2.15345.89443.
Fefer, J. P., De-Urioste Stone, S., Daigle, J. and Silka, L. (2016) ‘Using the Delphi Technique to Identify
Key Elements for Effective and Sustainable Visitor Use Planning Frameworks’, SAGE Open. The
University of Maine, Bangor, United States, 6(2). doi: 10.1177/2158244016643141.
Fletcher, C., Pforr, C. and Brueckner, M. (2016) ‘Factors influencing Indigenous engagement in tourism
development: an international perspective’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism. Tourism Western Australia,
Perth, Australia, 24(8–9), pp. 1100–1120. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2016.1173045.
Geus, S. D., Richards, G. and Toepoel, V. (2016) ‘Conceptualisation and Operationalisation of Event
and Festival Experiences: Creation of an Event Experience Scale’, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality
and Tourism. Academy for Tourism, NHTV Breda University, Breda, Netherlands, 16(3), pp. 274–296.
doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1101933.
Gregory-Smith, D., Wells, V. K., Manika, D. and McElroy, D. J. (2017) ‘An environmental social
marketing intervention in cultural heritage tourism: a realist evaluation’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism.
Routledge, 25(7), pp. 1042–1059. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1288732.
Guo, Z. and Sun, L. (2016) ‘The planning, development and management of tourism: The case of
Dangjia, an ancient village in China’, Tourism Management. College of Humanitiesand Social
Development, Northwest A and F University, No. 22 XinongRoad, Yangling, Shaanxi, China, 56, pp.
52–62. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.017.
Hassan, A. and Rahman, M. (2015) ‘World Heritage site as a label in branding a place’, Journal of
Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. Emerald, 5(3), pp. 210–223. doi:
10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2014-0002.
ICOMOS (1964) Carta Internacional para la Conservación y Restauración de Monumentos y Sitios,
Carta de Venecia. Available at: https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_sp.pdf (Accessed: 5 December
2017).
ICOMOS (1967) Centro de Documentación, Normas de Quito. Available at:
https://www.icomos.org/charters/quito.htm (Accessed: 12 December 2017).
ICOMOS (1975) Declaración de Amsterdam, Declaración de Amsterdam. Available at:
http://www.icomoscr.org/doc/teoria/VARIOS.1975.declaracion.amsterdam.patrimonio.arquitectonico.e
uropeo.pdf (Accessed: 18 December 2017).
ICOMOS (1994) Autenticidad del Patrimonio Cultural, Conferencia de Nara sobre autenticidad.
Available at: http://www.icomoscr.org/doc/teoria/DOC.1994.nara.documento.sobre.autenticidad.pdf
(Accessed: 18 December 2017).
ICOMOS (2008) Carta de Itinerarios Culturales. Available at:
https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Charters/culturalroutes_sp.pdf (Accessed: 18
December 2017).
Ispas, A., Constantin, C. P. and Candrea, A. N. (2015) ‘An examination of visitors’ interest in tourist
cards and cultural routes in the case of a Romanian destination’, Transylvanian Review of Administrative
Sciences. Transilvania University of Braşov, Romania, 2015(46E), pp. 107–125.
Jani, D. and Philemon, J. R. M. (2016) ‘Comparison of local and international festival attendees’ motives
and perception of festival impacts: Case of sauti za busara’, Event Management. University of Dar-esSalaam Business School, Mlimani Campus, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, 20(3), pp. 341–351. doi:
10.3727/152599516X14682560744631.
Jiang, Y., Ramkissoon, H., Mavondo, F. T. and Feng, S. (2016) ‘Authenticity: The Link Between
Destination Image and Place Attachment’, Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management.
Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business & Economics, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,
pp. 1–20. doi: 10.1080/19368623.2016.1185988.
Jiménez Beltrán, J., López-Guzmán, T. and Santa-Cruz, F. G. (2016) ‘Gastronomy and Tourism: Profile
and Motivation of International Tourism in the City of Córdoba, Spain’, Journal of Culinary Science and
Technology. Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of
Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain, 14(4), pp. 347–362. doi: 10.1080/15428052.2016.1160017.
Kay, P. and Meyer, D. (2013) ‘Do they all speak the same language? A motivation-benefit model toward
cultural experiences for english-speaking tourists’, Tourism Analysis. School of Management And
Marketing, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia, 18(4), pp. 385–398. doi:
10.3727/108354213X13736372325911.
Kim, J.-H. and Youn, H. (2016) ‘How to Design and Deliver Stories about Tourism Destinations’,
Journal of Travel Research. SAGE Publications Inc, 56(6), pp. 808–820. doi:
10.1177/0047287516666720.
Kitchenham, B. (2004) Procedures for performing systematic reviews.
Kolar, T. and Zabkar, V. (2010) ‘A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the
foundation of cultural heritage marketing?’, Tourism Management, pp. 652–664.
Kwanya, T. (2015) ‘Indigenous knowledge and socioeconomic development: Indigenous tourism in
kenya’, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Department of Information and Knowledge
Management, The Technical University of Kenya, P.O. Box 52428, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 342–352. doi:
10.1007/978-3-319-21009-4_26.
Lai, S. and Ooi, C.-S. (2015) ‘Branded as a World Heritage city: The politics afterwards’, Place Branding
and Public Diplomacy. Copenhagen Business School, Center for Leisure and Culture Service,
Porcelaenshaven 24, Frederiksberg, Denmark, 11(4), pp. 276–292. doi: 10.1057/pb.2015.12.
Li, J., Whitlow, M., Bitsura-Meszaros, K., Leung, Y.-F. and Barbieri, C. (2016) ‘A preliminary
evaluation of World Heritage tourism promotion: comparing websites from Australia, China, and
Mexico’, Tourism Planning and Development. Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism
Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States, 13(3), pp. 370–376. doi:
10.1080/21568316.2015.1101393.
Lochrie, S. (2016) ‘Engaging and marketing to stakeholders in World Heritage Site’, Journal of
Marketing Management. Routledge, 32(15–16), pp. 1392–1418. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2016.1186107.
MacCannell, D. (1973) ‘Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings’,
American Journal of Sociology7. University of Chicago Press, 79(3), pp. 589–603.
Maccarrone-Eaglen, A. (2009) ‘An analysis of culture as a tourism commodity’, Tourism, Culture and
Communication. Salford Business School, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United
Kingdom, 9(3), pp. 151–163. doi: 10.3727/109830409X12596186103879.
Mansour, J. S. A. and Ariffin, A. A. M. (2017) ‘The Effects of Local Hospitality, Commercial Hospitality
and Experience Quality on Behavioral Intention in Cultural Heritage Tourism’, Journal of Quality
Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism. Routledge, 18(2), pp. 149–172. doi:
10.1080/1528008X.2016.1169474.
Mckercher, B. and Du Cros, H. (2002) Cultural Tourism: The Partnership Between Tourism and Cultural
Heritage Management. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Mmopelwa, G., Kgathi, D. L. and Molefhe, L. (2007) ‘Tourists’ perceptions and their willingness to pay
for park fees: A case study of self-drive tourists and clients for mobile tour operators in Moremi Game
Reserve, Botswana’, Tourism Management. Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University
of Botswana, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana, 28(4), pp. 1044–1056. doi:
10.1016/j.tourman.2006.08.014.
Mohanty, P. P. and Rout, H. B. (2016) ‘Tourism destination marketing: A case study of Puri sea beach
in Odisha, India’, Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism. School of Hotel Management,
Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Siksha O Anusandhan University India, Bhubaneswar,
India, 7(2), pp. 275–290. doi: 10.14505/jemt.v7.2(14).12.
Okumus, F., Kock, G., Scantlebury, M. M. G. and Okumus, B. (2013) ‘Using Local Cuisines when
Promoting Small Caribbean Island Destinations’, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. Routledge,
30(4), pp. 410–429. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2013.784161.
Ottenbacher, M. C. and Harrington, R. J. (2013) ‘A Case Study of a Culinary Tourism Campaign in
Germany: Implications for Strategy Making and Successful Implementation’, Journal of Hospitality and
Tourism Research. Heilbronn University, Max-Planck-Strasse 39, 74081 Heilbronn, Germany, 37(1), pp.
3–28. doi: 10.1177/1096348011413593.
Oviedo-García, M. Á., Castellanos-Verdugo, M., Trujillo-García, M. A. and Mallya, T. (2016) ‘Filminduced tourist motivations. The case of Seville (Spain)’, Current Issues in Tourism. Departamento de
Administración de Empresas y Marketing, University of Seville, Av/ Ramón y Cajal 1, Seville, Spain,
19(7), pp. 713–733. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.872606.
Paddison, B. and Biggins, R. (2017) ‘Advocating community integrated destination marketing planning in heritage destinations: the case of York.’, Journal of Marketing Management, 33(9/10), p. 835.
Pérez-Rave, J., Álvarez-Jaramillo, G. and Henao-Velásquez, J. (2012) ‘¿ Cómo identificar la literatura
“poco - vital” y cuantificar su representatividad ? Aplicación al problema del vendedor viajero < TSP >’,
Actualidad y Nuevas Tendencias, (8), pp. 51–60.
Perles-Ribes, J. F., Ramón-Rodríguez, A. B., Moreno-Izquierdo, L. and Torregrosa Martí, M. T. (2016)
‘Winners and losers in the Arab uprisings: a Mediterranean tourism perspective’, Current Issues in
Tourism. Department of Applied Economic Analysis, Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences,
University of Alicante, Campus San Vicente del Raspeig, 03080 Alicante, Spain, pp. 1–20. doi:
10.1080/13683500.2016.1225697.
Poria, Y., Butler, R. and Airey, D. (2003) ‘The core of heritage tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research.
Elsevier Ltd, 30(1), pp. 238–254.
Radder, L., Han, X. and Theron, E. (2016) ‘Value perceptions of private game reserve visitors and
managers: an exploratory study’, African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. Department of
Marketing Management, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 7(1),
pp. 75–89. doi: 10.1108/AJEMS-08-2014-0056.
Ramkissoon, H. and Uysal, M. S. (2011) ‘The effects of perceived authenticity, information search
behaviour, motivation and destination imagery on cultural behavioural intentions of tourists’, Current
Issues in Tourism, pp. 537–562.
Rátz, T., Smith, M. and Michalkó, G. (2008) ‘New places in old spaces: Mapping tourism and
regeneration in Budapest’, Tourism Geographies. Tourism Institute, Kodolányi János University
College, Székesfehérvár, Hungary, 10(4), pp. 429–451. doi: 10.1080/14616680802434064.
Richards, G. and Wilson, J. (2006) ‘Developing creativity in tourist experiences: A solution to the serial
reproduction of culture?’, Tourism Management. Elsevier Ltd, 27(6), pp. 1209–1223. doi:
10.1016/j.tourman.2005.06.002.
Robledo-Giraldo, S., Osorio-Zuluaga, G. and López-Espinosa, C. (2014) ‘Networking en pequeña
empresa: una revisión bibliográfica utilizando la teoria de grafos’, Revista Vínculos, 11(2), pp. 6–16.
Rothschild, N. H., Alon, I. and Fetscherin, M. (2012) ‘The importance of historical Tang dynasty for
place branding the contemporary city Xi’an’, Journal of Management History. University of North
Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States, 18(1), pp. 96–104. doi: 10.1108/17511341211188673.
Ruhanen, L., Whitford, M. and McLennan, C.-L. (2015) ‘Indigenous tourism in Australia: Time for a
reality check’, Tourism Management. Tourism Cluster, UQ Business School, The University of
QueenslandQLD, Australia, 48, pp. 73–83. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.017.
Ryan, J. and Silvanto, S. (2009) ‘The World Heritage List: The making and management of a brand’,
Place Branding and Public Diplomacy. University of Redlands, 1200 East Colton Avenue, Redlands,
CA 92374, United States, 5(4), pp. 290–300. doi: 10.1057/pb.2009.21.
Ryan, J. and Silvanto, S. (2014) ‘A Study of the Key Strategic Drivers of the Use of the World Heritage
Site Designation as a Destination Brand’, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. Routledge, 31(3), pp.
327–343. doi: 10.1080/10548408.2013.876956
Saayman, M. and Rossouw, R. (2010) ‘The Cape Town International Jazz festival: More than just Jazz’,
Development Southern Africa. Institute for Tourism, Wildlife Economics and Leisure Studies, NorthWest University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa, 27(2), pp. 255–272. doi:
10.1080/03768351003740696.
Smith, S., Costello, C. and Muenchen, R. A. (2010) ‘Influence of push and pull motivations on
satisfaction and behavioral intentions within a culinary tourism event’, Journal of Quality Assurance in
Hospitality and Tourism. Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University Carbondale,
209 Quigley, MC4317, Carbondale, IL 62901, United States, 11(1), pp. 17–35. doi:
10.1080/15280080903520584.
Su, M. M. and Wall, G. (2016) ‘A Comparison of Tourists’ and Residents’ Uses of the Temple of Heaven
World Heritage Site, China’, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. School of Environment and
Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, 59 ZhongGuanCun Dajie, Haidian District, Beijing,
China, 21(8), pp. 905–930. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2015.1084346.
Thimm, T. (2014) ‘The Flamenco Factor in Destination Marketing: Interdependencies of Creative
Industries and Tourism-the Case of Seville’, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. HTWG
Konstanz, Brauneggerstr. 55, 78462 Konstanz, Germany, 31(5), pp. 576–588. doi:
10.1080/10548408.2014.883952.
UNESCO (1972) ‘Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage’.
Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, p. 16. Available at:
http://whc.unesco.org/archive/convention-es.pdf.
UNESCO (1976) Recomendación de Nairobi, Recomendación relativa a la Salvaguardia de los
Conjuntos Históricos o Tradicionales y su Función en la Vida Conte. Available at:
http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.phpURL_ID=13133&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (Accessed: 18 December 2017).
UNESCO (1989) Recommendation on the Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore,
Recommendation of the Meeting in Paris. Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.phpURL_ID=13141&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (Accessed: 18 December 2017).
UNESCO (1992) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.
UNESCO (1999) Carta de Cracovia. Available at:
http://www.unesco.org/culture/natlaws/media/pdf/guatemala/guatemala_carta_cracovia_2000_spa_orof
.pdf (Accessed: 18 December 2017).
UNESCO (2003) Declaración de la UNESCO relativa a la destrucción intencional del patrimonio
cultural, Instrumentos Normativos. Available at: http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.phpURL_ID=17718&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (Accessed: 18 December 2017).
UNESCO (2011) Recomendación sobre el paisaje urbano histórico, Instrumentos Normativos. Available
at: http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.phpURL_ID=48857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html (Accessed: 18 December 2017).
UNESCO (2017a) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention.
UNESCO (2017b) Patrimonio Mundial. Available at: https://es.unesco.org/themes/patrimonio-mundial
(Accessed: 1 January 2017).
Urry, J. (1990) The Tourist Gaze : Leisure and Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: SAGE
Publications, Inc (Theory, Culture & Society).
Waitt, G. (2000) ‘Consuming heritage. Perceived historical authenticity’, Annals of Tourism Research.
Elsevier Ltd, 27(4), pp. 835–862.
Wang, N. (1999) ‘Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience’, Annals of Tourism Research.
(1)Zhongshan University, 26(2), pp. 349–370. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00103-0.
Wei, M. (2013) ‘Analysis of the wine experience tourism based on experience economy: A case for
changyu wine tourism in china’, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology.
School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, 5(20), pp. 4925–4930.
Wolf, I. D., Ainsworth, G. B. and Crowley, J. (2017) ‘Transformative travel as a sustainable market niche
for protected areas: a new development, marketing and conservation model’, Journal of Sustainable
Tourism. Routledge, 25(11), pp. 1650–1673. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2017.1302454.
Xiaoyang, Y., Tobias, R. and Werner, K. (2011) ‘Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Promoting Festival
Tourism-An Examination of Motives and Perceptions of Chinese Visitors Attending the Oktoberfest in
Munich (Germany)’, Journal of China Tourism Research. Department of Human Geography, GeorgAugust-University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany, 7(4), pp. 377–395. doi:
10.1080/19388160.2011.627009.
Yan, G., So, S.-I., Morrison, A. M. and Sun, Y.-H. (2007) ‘Activity segmentation of the international
heritage tourism market to Taiwan’, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research. Department of
Hospitality and Tourism Management, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 12(4), pp.
333–347. doi: 10.1080/10941660701761001.
Yeh, H.-R. and Lin, L.-Z. (2017) ‘Exploring tourists’ nostalgic experiences during culture festivals: the
case of the Sung Chiang Battle Array’, Current Issues in Tourism. Routledge, 20(4), pp. 391–424. doi:
10.1080/13683500.2014.983055.
Zhou, Q., Zhang, J. and Edelheim, J. R. (2013) ‘Rethinking traditional Chinese culture: A consumerbased model regarding the authenticity of Chinese calligraphic landscape’, Tourism Management.
Elsevier Ltd, 36, pp. 99–112. Available at: http://10.0.3.248/j.tourman.2012.11.008
1.The works published in this magazine are subject to the following terms: Tourism Research Association (the publisher) preserves the patrimonial rights (copyright) of the published works, and favors and allows the reuse of them under the license of use indicated in point 2.
© Investur, 2017
2.The works are published in the electronic edition of the magazine under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative 3.0 Spain (legal text) license. They can be copied, used, disseminated, transmitted and publicly displayed, provided that: i) the authorship and the original source of their publication (journal, editorial and URL of the work) are cited; ii) are not used for commercial purposes; iii) the existence and specifications of this license are mentioned.
3. Self-file conditions. Authors are allowed and encouraged to disseminate electronically the pre-print versions (version before being evaluated) and / or post-print (version evaluated and accepted for publication) of their works before publication, since it favors their circulation and earlier dissemination and with it a possible increase in its citation and scope among the academic community.